The All In One Sollution Blog

What’s Free Software?:

Admin-OTG — Sun, 01 Nov 2009 07:43:58 +0000

Over the years, Unix’s popularity grew. After the divestiture of AT&T, the tapes of the source code that Bell Labs provided became a proprietary, commercial product: AT&T UNIX. But it was expensive, and didn’t come with the source code that made it tick. Even if you paid extra for a copy of the sources, you couldn’t share with your programmer colleagues any improvements or discoveries you made.By the early 1980s, proprietary software development, by only−for−profit corporations, was quickly becoming the norm−−even at universities. More software was being distributed without source code than ever before.In 1984, while at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, hacker Richard Stallman saw his colleagues gradually accept and move to this proprietary development model. He did not accept the kind of world such proprietism would offer: no sharing your findings with your fellow man, no freedom for anyone to take a look “under the hood” of a published work to see how it worked so that one could understand it or build upon it; it would mean no freedom to improve your copy of such works, or do what you please with your copy−−including share it with others.So instead of giving in to the world of non−free computing, Stallman decided to start a project to build and assemble a new Unix−like operating system from scratch, and make its source code free for anyone to copy and modify. This was the GNU Project (“GNU’s Not Unix”).The GNU Project’s software would be licensed in such a way so that everyone was given the freedom to copy, distribute, and modify their copy of the software; as a result, this kind of software became known as free software.Individuals and businesses may charge for free software, but anyone is free to share copies with their neighbors, change it, or look at its source code to see how it works. There are no secrets in free software; it’s software that gives all of its users the freedom they deserve.Proprietary software strictly limits these freedoms−−in accordance with copyright law, which was formulated in an age when works were normally set and manipulated in physical form, and not as non−physical data,which is what computers copy and modify.Free software licensing was developed as a way to work around the failings of copyright law, by permitting anyone to copy and modify a work, though under certain strict terms and conditions. The GNU Project’s GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL, is the most widely used of all free software licenses. Popularly called a “copyleft,” it permits anyone to copy or modify any software released under its terms−−provided all derivatives or modifications are released under the same terms, and all changes are documented.

For more:

http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free−sw.html

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Debian 5.0 Lenny, finally released:

Admin-OTG — Sun, 01 Nov 2009 07:37:22 +0000

After 22 months of vigorous development and testing, the Debian Project released the Debian GNU/Linux version 5.0 (codenamed ‘Lenny’) on February 14. Tis OS runs on computers ranging from palmtops and hand-held systems to supercomputers, and on nearly everything in between. It ofcially supports 12 processor architectures—Sun SPARC, HP Alpha, Motorola/IBM PowerPC, Intel IA-32, IA-64, HP PA-RISC, MIPS, ARM, IBM S/390, and AMD64 and Intel EM64T. Debian GNU/Linux 5.0 Lenny adds support for Marvell’s Orion platform, which is used in many storage devices. Tose supported include the QNAP Turbo Station series, HP Media Vault mv2120, and Bufalo Kurobox Pro. Additionally, Lenny now supports several Netbooks, in particular, the Eee PC by Asus. It also contains the build tools for Emdebian, which allow Debian source packages to be cross-built and shrunk to suit embedded ARM systems.Debian GNU/Linux 5.0 Lenny includes the new ARM EABI port, ‘armel’. Tis new port provides a more efcient use of both current and future ARM processors. As a result, the old ARM port has now been deprecated.Tis release includes numerous updated software packages, such as the K Desktop Environment 3.5.10 (KDE), an updated version of the GNOME desktop environment 2.22.2, the Xfce 4.4.2 desktop environment, LXDE 0.3.2.1, the GNUstep desktop 7.3, X.Org 7.3, OpenOfce.org 2.4.1, GIMP 2.4.7 and Iceweasel 3.0.6 (an unbranded version of Mozilla Firefox).It also includes Icedove 2.0.0.19 (an unbranded version of Mozilla Tunderbird), PostgreSQL 8.3.6, MySQL 5.0.51a, GNU Compiler Collection 4.3.2, Linux kernel version 2.6.26, Apache 2.2.9, Samba 3.2.5, Python 2.5.2 and 2.4.6, Perl 5.10.0, PHP 5.2.6, Asterisk 1.4.21.2, Emacs 22, Inkscape 0.46, Nagios 3.06, Xen Hypervisor 3.2.1 (dom0 as well as domU support), OpenJDK 6b11, and more than 23,000 other ready-to-use software packages (built from over 12,000 source packages).With the integration of X.Org 7.3, the X server auto-confgures itself with most hardware. Newly introduced packages allow the full support of NTFS flesystems and the use of most multimedia keys out-of-the-box. Support for Adobe Flash format fles is available via the swfdec or Gnash plug-ins. Overall improvements for notebooks have been introduced, such as out-of-the-box support for CPU frequency scaling. For more information on the latest release, and in order to download the OS, visit www.debian.org .

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Why Linux Why not Microsoft Windows/what’s So Great About Linux?

Admin-OTG — Sun, 01 Nov 2009 07:27:55 +0000

The Problems with Windows:

The world’s most popular operating system is Windows, which is made by the Microsoft Corporation. Linux has no links with Windows at all. Microsoft doesn’t contribute anything to Linux and, in fact, is rather hostile toward it, because it threatens Microsoft’s market dominance. This means that installing Linux can give you an entirely Microsoft-free PC. How enticing does that sound? Windows is used on 91 percent of the world’s desktop computers. In other words, it must be doing a good job for it to be so popular, right? Let’s face facts. On many levels, Windows is a great operating system, and since the release of Windows XP in particular, Microsoft has cleaned up its act. Windows XP does a much better job compared to previous versions of Windows (and Vista makes even more improvements). But the situation is far from perfect. Windows XP is notoriously insecure and virtually every day a new security hole is uncovered. The United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (www.us-cert.gov) reported 812 security vulnerabilities for Microsoft Windows during 2005. That’s 15 vulnerabilities per week! In June 2005, the computer security company Sophos (www.sophos.com) advertised that its Windows anti- virus program defended against over 103,000 viruses! This has led to an entire industry that creates antivirus programs, which are additional pieces of software you have to install once your computer is up and running for it to run without the risk of data loss or data theft.Actually most virus/worms are created for windows operating system and cyber criminals like crackers find a easy way to break down the security of windows operating system. So is Linux the solution to these problems? Most would agree that it’s a step in the right direction, at the very least. Most Linux users don’t install antivirus programs, because there are virtually no Linux-specific viruses. As with all software, security holes are occasionally discovered in Linux, but the way it is built means exploiting those holes is much more difficult.

There have been a couple of viruses for Linux, but they’re no longer “in the wild” (that is, they are no longer infecting PCs). This is because the security holes they exploited were quickly patched, causing the viruses to die out. That means the virus does not get enough time to walk through the world.This happens because the majority of Linux users update their systems regularly, so any security holes that viruses might exploit are patched promptly.

Compare that to Windows, where most users aren’t even aware they can update their systems, even when Microsoft gets around to issuing a patch (which has been known to take months).Linux distributions renew (new version) themselves very often like 6 months to 1 year.On the other hand microsoft release there new operating system after a very long time like 5 to 6 yreas(not months).

There’s also the fact that Linux encourages you to take control of your computer, as opposed to treating it like a magical box. As soon as you install Linux, you become a power user. Every aspect of your PC is under your control, unlike with Windows. This means fixing problems is a lot easier, and optimizing your system becomes part and parcel of the user experience. One of the biggest questions asked by most newcomers to Linux is whether it can run Windows soft- ware. The answer is yes . . . and no.Linux is completely different from Windows on a fundamental technical level. Its creators based it on Unix, an industrial-strength operating system, and deliberately steered clear of emulating Windows. This means that Linux isn’t a swap-in replacement for Windows. You cannot take the installation CD of a Windows program and use it to install that program on Linux, in the same way that you cannot install an Apple Mac program on Windows.However, several current projects let you run Windows programs on Linux. Wine (www.winehq.com) is an example of such a project, and you can download a commercial and easy-to-use variation of it from www.codeweavers.com. You can also use programs like VMware (www.vmware.com) to create a “virtual PC” running on Linux. Then you can install the Windows operating system and, therefore, any Windows software you like.In most cases, however, you’ll find that there’s a Linux equivalent of your favorite Windows software.Frequently, you’ll find that this Linux version is actually superior to the Windows program you’ve been using.

Some Linux features:

No constant rebooting—Uptime is valued as a matter of pride (remember, Linux and other UNIX systems are most often used as servers, which are expected to stay up 24/7). After the original installation, you can install or remove most software without having to reboot your computer.

Fewer Crashes— The experiences of different people vary but, in our extensive experience, Linux very rarely crashes. The mouse cursor has never frozen on screen. A strange error box has never appeared and remained until we’ve rebooted. Program windows don’t freeze and leave trails as we drag them around. It’s possible to leave a Linux system running for years without ever needing to reboot (although most desktop Ubuntu users shut down their PCs when they won’t be using them for a while, just like the rest of us). Of course, programs that run on top of Linux sometimes crash, but they don’t take the rest of the system down with them. Instead, you can clean up after a crash and just carry on.

Start/stop services without interrupting others—You can start and stop individual services (such as Web, file, and e-mail services) without rebooting or even interrupting the work of any other users or features of the computer. In other words, you should not have to reboot your computer every time someone sneezes.

Portable software—You can usually change to another Linux, UNIX, or BSD system and still use the exact same software! Most open source software projects were created to run on any UNIX-like system and many also run on Windows systems, if you need them to. If it won’t run where you want it to, chances are that you, or someone you hire, can port it to the computer you want. (Porting refers to modifying an application or driver so it works in a dif- ferent computer architecture or operating system.)

Downloadable applications—If the applications you want are not delivered with your version of Linux, you can often download and install them with a single command, using tools such as apt and yum.

Security— The next benefit is that Linux is very secure. It’s built from the ground up to be secure, in fact, and Linux is based on years of proven computer science research. It works on the principle of users who have permissions to undertake various tasks on the system. If you don’t have the correct permission, you cannot, for example, access a particular piece of hardware. Additionally, privacy can be ensured, because the files on the PC are “owned” by individual users, who can permit or deny others access to those files.

No settings hidden in code or registries—Once you learn your way around Linux, you’ll find that (given the right permissions on your computer) most configuration is done in plain text files that are easy to find and change.

Mature desktop—The X Window System (providing the framework for your Linux desktop) has been around longer than Microsoft Windows. The KDE and GNOME desktop environments provide graphical interfaces (windows, menus, icons, and so forth) that rival those on Microsoft systems. Ease-of-use prob- lems with Linux systems are rapidly evaporating.

Freedom—Another big benefit is that Linux can be obtained free of charge. Once it’s installed, the latest updates for all your programs are also free of charge. Not only that, but if you want any new software, it will also usually be free of charge (and normally just a download away). Is this starting to sound attractive yet? The software is also released under a license that means you can share it with anybody you want. Suppose that you find a really great image editor. You mention it to a friend, and he asks for a copy. Under Windows, copying the program is strictly illegal—to do so turns you into a software pirate! Unless that image editor is freeware, your friend will need to buy the software himself. Under Linux, sharing software is normally entirely legal. In fact, it’s encouraged! This philosophy of sharing applies to the entire operating system. You can install the software contained on the DVD on the computer of your friends, relatives, or neighbors. You can even give them copies of the DVD. All this can be done entirely legally! In fact, this redistribution is what the makers of Ubuntu want. They created Ubuntu so that it would be shared and used by anybody, anywhere in the world. They’ll even send you or somebody you know free copies of the installation CD if you want.No Annoying Copy Protection or Usage Restrictions A happy side effect of the sharing culture that surrounds Linux is that you’ll never need a software registration code to install it. There’s no scheme like Windows Product Activa- tion (WPA), or Windows Genuine Advantage, whereby the software must “phone home” over the Internet to be “activated.”

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What is UBUNTU?.

Admin-OTG — Sun, 01 Nov 2009 07:22:09 +0000

The homepage of the Ubuntu website says:

Ubuntu is a community developed operating system that is perfect for laptops, desktops and servers. Whether you use it at home, at school or at work Ubuntu contains all the applications you’ll ever need, from word processing and email applications, to web server software and programming tools. Ubuntu linux is very popular operating system for a wide number of reasons. One is that it is free. You can simply go to the Ubuntu website (http://www.ubuntu.com/), download the ubuntu iso ﬁle and burn it to a CD. Something quite amazing happens whenever you put this CD into your computer and restart it. After only a few moments, you are presented with a fully functional and working Ubuntu desktop in which you can launch applications, create and edit ﬁles, and if you choose to do so, install the Ubuntu operating system onto your hard disk. All of this is running off the CD and it does not touch or effect your present operating system (e.g. Microsoft Windows). When you choose to reboot from the Ubuntu menu, the CD pops out and your computer starts up like normal. This is called a Live CD.

Ubuntu is a version of the Linux operating system.

Ubuntu is a relatively young Linux distribution. It is based on and is still closely allied with the Debian distribution (www.debian.org), like many versions of Linux. Debian has been in existence since 1993—almost as long as the Linux kernel—and embraces the spirit and philosophy of Linux, which says software should be shared and made available to anyone who wants it. Ubuntu takes this one step further. Its goal is to give anyone in the world access to an easy-to-use version of Linux, regardless of geographical location or physical abilities. Ubuntu supports a large number of languages, so it can be used in most countries around the world. In addition, it includes accessibility tools, so it can be used by partially sighted, deaf, or disabled people. From the very start, Mark Shuttleworth, Ubuntu’s creator, decided it would always be free of charge and would always be freely available. Unlike many versions of Linux, no commercial version of Ubuntu exists (although it is possible to pay for various services, such as support, if you wish). But perhaps Ubuntu’s greatest strength is its community, which extends across the world. If you have a question about Ubuntu, you’ll find hundreds of people willing to help. Just as the software is designed to be shared, a strong belief within the Ubuntu community is that knowledge should be shared, too. It might come as no surprise that Ubuntu is an ancient African word that roughly trans- lates as “humanity to others.” In Shuttleworth’s native South Africa in particular, “Ubuntu” is a way of life that advocates acceptance and compassion toward others. The Ubuntu philosophy is one of the underpinnings of post-apartheid South Africa and spreads into political spheres as well as everyday life. The Ubuntu version of Linux is an attempt to bring this spirit to the world of computer software. Ubuntu is primarily geared toward desktop users, although with a little adapting, it can also be used to run server computers. Ubuntu is designed to be easy to use. Anyone who has used Windows or Mac OS will feel right at home. It features every piece of software you could wish for or would find within a well-equipped modern operating system. It includes a web browser, an e-mail client, instant messaging software, an office suite, a graphics editor, and much more. And don’t think that these are cut-down versions designed to lure you into purchasing the full version later on. In every case, they’re full-featured pieces of software that give proprietary programs a run for their money. Perhaps more importantly, Ubuntu is very user-friendly. Updating the system can be done with just a few clicks of the mouse, as can downloading and installing new software.

Ubuntu’s Release Cycle(version of ubuntu): In keeping with the desire for a frequent release schedule, the team decided that every six months would be the target for new releases of the operating system:
The Ubuntu Release Schedule

Version       ReleaseTime              Name
4.10     October 2004            Warty Warthog
5.04          April 2005                   Hoary Hedgehog
5.10        October 2005             Breezy Badger
6.06            June 2006                   Dapper Drake
6.10    October 2006             Edgy Eft
7.04    April 2007                  Feisty Fawn
7.10            October 2007            Gutsy Gibbon
8.04       April 2008                   Hardy Heron
8.10       October 2008              Intrepid Ibex
9.04       May 2009                Jaunty

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What is Linux?.

Admin-OTG — Sun, 01 Nov 2009 07:16:33 +0000

In the early 1990s, Finnish computer science student Linus Torvalds began hacking on Minix, a small,Unix−like operating system for personal computers then used in college operating systems courses.He decided to improve the main software component underlying Minix, called the kernel, by writing his own.(The kernel is the central component of any Unix−like operating system.)In late 1991, Torvalds published the first version of this kernel on the Internet, calling it “Linux” (a play on both Minix and his own name).When Torvalds published Linux, he used the copyleft software license published by the GNU Project, the GNU General Public License. Doing so made his software free to use, copy, and modify by anyone−−provided any copies or variations were kept equally free. Torvalds also invited contributions by other programmers, and these contributions came; slowly at first but, as the Internet grew, thousands of hackers and programmers from around the globe contributed to his free software project. The Linux software was immensely extended and improved so that the Linux−based system of today is a complete, modern operating system, which can be used by programmers and non−programmers alike.

Linux consists of a central set of programs that run the PC on a low level, referred to as the kernel, and hundreds (if not thousands) of additional programs provided by other people and various companies. Technically speaking, the word “Linux” refers explicitly to the core kernel program. However, most people generally refer to the entire bundle of programs that make up the operating system as “Linux.”

Although most of us refer to Linux as a complete operating system, the title “Linux” hides a lot of confusing but rather important details. Technically speaking, the word “Linux” refers merely to the kernel file: the central set of programs that lie at the heart of the operating system. Everything else that comes with a typical version of Linux, such as programs to display graphics on the screen or let the user input data, is supplied by other people, organizations, or companies. The Linux operating system is the combination of many disparate projects.The GNU organization, in particular, supplies a lot of vital programs and also system library files, without which Linux wouldn’t run. These programs and files were vital to the acceptance of Linux as an operating system in its early days. Because of this, and the fact that Linux completed a long-running goal of the GNU project to create a Unix-like operating system, some people choose to refer to Linux as GNU/Linux.

A fierce debate rages over the correct way to refer to the Linux operating system and whether the GNU prefix should be used. For what it’s worth, an equally fierce debate rages over how we should define an operating system. It can all get very confusing. It’s also very easy to accidentally offend someone by not using the correct terminology!It’s not the purpose of this book to get involved in this debate. Suffice it to say that we acknowledge the vital input of the GNU project into the operating system many people refer to simply as Linux, as well as that of other vital projects.

What is Unix?.

Admin-OTG — Sun, 01 Nov 2009 07:14:24 +0000

Unix, the original ancestor of Linux, is an operating system. Or at least it was an operating system; the original system known as Unix proper is not the “Unix” we know and use today; there are now many “flavors” of Unix, of which Linux has become the most popular.A product of the 1960s, Unix and its related software was invented by Dennis Ritchie, Ken Thompson, Brian Kernighan, and other hackers at Bell Labs in 1969; its name was a play on “Multics,” another operating system of the time.In the early days of Unix, any interested party who had the hardware to run it on could get a tape of the software from Bell Labs, with printed manuals, for a very nominal charge. (This was before the era of personal computing, and in practice, mostly only universities and research laboratories did this). Local sites played with the software’s source code, extending and customizing the system to their needs and liking.Beginning in the late 1970s, computer scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, a licensee of the Unix source code, had been making their own improvements and enhancements to the Unix source during the course of their research, which included the development of TCP/IP networking. Their work became known as the BSD (“Berkeley Systems Distribution”) flavor of Unix.The source code of their work was made publicly available under licensing that permitted redistribution, with source or without, provided that Berkeley was credited for their portions of the code. There are many modern variants of the original BSD still actively developed today, and some of them−−such as NetBSD and OpenBSD−−can run on personal computers.

The uppercase word `UNIX’ became a trademark of AT&T (since transferred to other organizations), to mean their particular operating system. But today, when people say “Unix,” they usually mean “a Unix−like operating system,” a generalization that includes Linux. If you’d like further information on this topic, you might be interested in consulting A Quarter Century of UNIX by Peter H. Salus (Addison−Wesley 1994), which has become the standard text on the subject.

For More:

http://www.bell−labs.com/history/unix/

http://internet−history.org/archives/early.history.of.unix.html

USB Disk Ejector

Admin-OTG — Wed, 21 Oct 2009 05:00:40 +0000

A program that allows you to quickly remove USB devices in Windows. It was originally designed to remove only USB pen drives but will now eject any USB device. It can be run as a non-visual command line program or a normal gui program. Its very useful if you have a USB flash/pen drive, especially if you use a menu such as PStart or the Portable Apps launcher.

The command line options are very flexible, they can be used to:

Eject the drive that the program is running from.
Eject a drive by specifying a drive letter.
Eject a drive by specifying a drive name.
Eject a drive by specifying a partial drive name.

When run as a ‘normal’ GUI program the tools enables USB devices to be quickly ejected through a mouse click or keyboard press. It’s especially useful when dealing with multiple USB devices and for Vista users who don’t want the ‘now safe to remove this device’ dialog box to appear.

The program was designed for and has been tested on Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Vista. It does not work on Windows 98 (this may change in a future release).

Download.

GPRS/EDGE in ubuntu(use mobile as gprs/edge modem,mobile broadband):

Admin-OTG — Sat, 17 Oct 2009 19:31:28 +0000

AUTOMATIC:

Any one can connect internet with mobile and other gprs edge modem in ubuntu.Fortunately, Ubuntu 9.04 supports automatic detection and configuration of mobile modem and usb modem for any country that supports mobile internet(gprs or edge) that means mobile broadband.Plug your gprs/edge modem supported mobile or usb modem to computer(most of the usb modem is supported by now.)A new window will open and will ask you to select your country and mobile operator.After a few seconds click on your network icon (normally placed in the right corner of the upper panel).You will find a new menu named with your mobile network which was not there before plugging your mobile or modem.Select that one.after a few second you will be connected with internet.open your favourite web browger (mine mozilla) and serf any web site you want.

Manually:

Plug your mobile modem(usb modems may work in this way).Open a terminal.Type “sudo su” then type “wvdialconf” some text will come up on terminal,and there will be a line look like “Found a modem on /dev/ttyUSB2” or similar to this.If the line does not appear in the terminal,that means there is no modem or there are some other problems.Now type “gedit /etc/wvdial.conf“.A text editor will come up with some text looks like

Dialer Defaults]
Init1 = ATZ
Init2 = ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0
Modem Type = Analog Modem
Baud = 9600
New PPPD = yes
Modem = /dev/ttyUSB0
ISDN = 0
; Phone =
; Password =
; Username =

Change the text like this:

[Dialer Defaults]
Init1 = ATZ
Init2 = ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0
Init3 = AT+CGDCONT=1,’IP’,’gpinternet‘
Modem Type = Analog Modem
ISDN = 0
Phone = *99***1#
Modem = /dev/ttyUSB0
Username = xyz
Password = xyz
Baud = 115200

Just change the red coloured text with yours.Contact your mobile opreator for those settings.here ‘gpinternet is the APN(access point) for my mobile Operator.Save the file.Now type “wvdial” to connect the internet.

Done.

Change default boot loader menu(Grub):

Admin-OTG — Sat, 17 Oct 2009 19:00:59 +0000

When you start your pc you see a boot loader menu(grub).It looks like

Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-11-generic
Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-11-generic (recovery mode)
Ubuntu 9.04, memtest86+
Other operating systems:
Microsoft Windows XP Professional

Do you want to see that looks like:

My ubuntu 9.04
Recovery mode
Memory test
Other Operating System:
My XP Pro

Be careful.Do not change anything unless you know.Because if you do anything wrong your operating system might not load(boot) at all.So do just what i say if you dont know anything.Open your terminal.type “sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst“.Find the lines:

…………………..

…………………..

## ## End Default Options ##

title       Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-11-generic
uuid       1ee2b720-596e-4954-8b53-acc392d753b6
kernel       /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.28-11-generic root=UUID=1ee2b720-596e-4954-8b53-acc392d753b6 ro quiet splash vga=792
initrd       /boot/initrd.img-2.6.28-11-generic
quiet

………………

……………….

Now replace the text “Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-11-generic” with anything you want.Go down.change the text “Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-11-generic (recovery mode)” “Ubuntu 9.04, memtest86+” “Microsoft Windows XP Professional“.If you want.Save the file.Now type “sudo update-grub“.Restart your Pc.now you see the changed boot loader menu.

Done.

If this is hard for you jsut install the soft KGRUBEditor and this will do the work plus more.

Control services in ubuntu(boot up manager):

Admin-OTG — Sat, 17 Oct 2009 18:46:05 +0000

If you want to control the service that starts during boot, press alt+f2 and type “gksu bum” then press enter. Note that you have to install the software ‘bum‘ first if not installed.Dont change anything unless you know.Select a service and check or uncheck it then click apply.
Done.

Bootupmamnager